Dual-Axis Policy Entailment: A Benchmark for Policy-Change Reasoning
Charles Chang, Yuen Yuen Ang, Bolun Sun
Abstract
Whether a policy shifts domains and, by extension, continues, broadens, narrows, or reverses previous policy is of paramount importance to the study of public policy. We propose Dual-Axis Policy Entailment (DAPE), which evaluates an ordered pair of policy directives on both dimensions at once: a binary judgment determines whether the two directives govern the same policy domain, and a five-way judgment determines whether the later directive continues, broadens, narrows, or reverses the earlier policy, or governs a different domain altogether. Read together, the two judgments form one five-category label, our primary metric. The two-axis design captures two central dimensions of policy change without conflating errors on either dimension into a generic "irrelevant" label, and it makes annotation more rigorous: a coder cannot dismiss a difficult pair as domain-irrelevant without an explicit, checkable decision. We introduce an expert-annotated benchmark of 1,000 ordered directive pairs drawn from a large corpus of Chinese government policy, together with an annotation-calibration protocol (an adjudication packet with pre/post agreement measurement) that we contribute as a methodological artifact. Fourteen open-weight models and four frontier API flagships fail the task zero-shot: even the best frontier flagship's chance-corrected agreement with expert labels is far below the human ceiling (Cohen's $κ\approx 0.29$ vs. $0.53$). A fine-tuned open-weight model (LoRA SFT of Qwen3-14B, five-fold cross-validation) closes this gap, reaching the coder-mutual human ceiling ($κ= 0.524$ vs. $0.527$). Finally, we apply our method to China's AI policy (1980-2024) and map the direction of policy change across eras.