From Pixels to Structure: Lightweight Vision-Language Models for Document OCR and Structured JSON Extraction
Uddipan Basu Bir, Vincent Christlein, Andreas Maier, Mathias Zinnen
Abstract
While massive, closed-source Vision-Language Models (VLMs) set strong benchmarks for document understanding, their dependence on commercial APIs limits adoption in institutional archives due to data autonomy concerns, recurring costs, and the environmental footprint of hyperscale computing. This is especially acute in heritage digitization, where documents include historical handwriting, domain-specific terminology (e.g., jewelry, prehistory, architecture), and non-standard layouts requiring high-dimensional structured extraction. We present a comparative study of eight open-source lightweight VLMs (up to 7B parameters) for Optical Character Recognition (OCR)-to-structure across three university heritage collections. Given a document image, models must extract text and generate schema-compliant JSON, enabling automatic validation and downstream use. We evaluate models under a constraint-aware protocol across zero-shot, few-shot, and fine-tuning settings, measuring extraction fidelity and structured-output quality using Character Error Rate (CER), Approximate Normalized Levenshtein Similarity (ANLS*), and mean Average Precision F1 (mAP-F1). Against a fine-tuning baseline, we further test the independent impact of (i) hyperparameter optimization, (ii) classical image preprocessing (illumination flattening, denoising, and CLAHE), and (iii) multi-stage training. Finally, we analyze the trade-off between dataset-specific fine-tuning and a single multi-dataset checkpoint, where joint training enables one model to operate across collections but can shift performance between datasets. Overall, we show that carefully adapted VLMs with up to 7B parameters can provide a sustainable, private, high-performing alternative to manual transcription or commercial black-box systems, and we offer actionable guidance for heritage institutions seeking institution-controlled OCR-to-JSON extraction.